Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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作者: Yicheng Ma, Xiude Fan, Junming Han, Yiping Cheng, Jiajun Zhao, Wei Fang, Ling Gao

作者单位: Affiliations ¹ Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. ² Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose and Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China. ³ Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China. ⁴ Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China. ⁵ Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China. ⁶ Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China. ⁷ Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, No. 9677, Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China. ⁸ Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 544, Jingsi Road, Xishichang Subdistrict, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China. ⁹ Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, No. 544, Jingsi Road, Xishichang Subdistrict, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.

关键词: critical illness estrogen follicle-stimulating hormone hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis luteinizing hormone testosterone.

摘要: Understanding the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is essential for grasping human responses under extreme physiological and pathological conditions. The HPG axis regulates reproductive and gonadal hormone activities and significantly impacts the body's response to acute and chronic illnesses. This review explores the fundamental functions of the HPG axis, modifications under critical conditions, and impacts on disease progression and treatment outcomes. In addition, it examines interactions...更多; Understanding the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is essential for grasping human responses under extreme physiological and pathological conditions. The HPG axis regulates reproductive and gonadal hormone activities and significantly impacts the body's response to acute and chronic illnesses. This review explores the fundamental functions of the HPG axis, modifications under critical conditions, and impacts on disease progression and treatment outcomes. In addition, it examines interactions between sex hormones and biomolecules like cytokines and gastrointestinal microorganisms, highlighting their roles in immune response regulation. Clinically, this knowledge can enhance patient prognoses. The review aims to provide a comprehensive framework, based on existing research, for understanding and applying the functions of the HPG axis in managing critical diseases, thereby broadening clinical applications and guiding future research.收起

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