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作者

Yi Wang, Zihao Mi, Hong Liu, Furen Zhang

作者单位

Affiliations ¹ Dermatology Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China. ² Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.

刊名

Immunity, inflammation and disease

年份

2025

卷号

Vol.13 No.9

页码

e70272

ISSN

2050-4527

关键词

Crohn's disease NOD2 immune homeostasis mycobacterial infection signaling pathways.

摘要

Introduction: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 functions primarily as a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor that detects muramyl dipeptide , a conserved bacterial cell wall component, thereby playing a pivotal role in pathogen surveillance. However, emerging evidence reveals that NOD2 exerts broad immunomodulatory effects beyond its canonical role as a PRR, though its effects can be contradictory, depending on genetic background, immunological microenvironment, and disease cont...更多

Introduction: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 functions primarily as a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor that detects muramyl dipeptide , a conserved bacterial cell wall component, thereby playing a pivotal role in pathogen surveillance. However, emerging evidence reveals that NOD2 exerts broad immunomodulatory effects beyond its canonical role as a PRR, though its effects can be contradictory, depending on genetic background, immunological microenvironment, and disease context. In this review, we integrate recent advances in understanding NOD2's functional plasticity and provide novel insights into its regulatory mechanisms in immune responses and mycobacterial infections. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database with keywords including NOD2, signaling pathways, immune homeostasis, autophagy, trained immunity, and mycobacterial infection. Relevant information was extracted from the retrieved research articles and reviews and summarized. Results: We delineated the MDP-dependent and -independent mechanisms of NOD2 activation and their downstream signaling cascades. We also elaborated on the classical immune responses orchestrated by NOD2, and its remarkably multifaceted noncanonical roles in regulating immune homeostasis by modulating autophagy, acting synergistically with toll-like receptor pathways to fine-tune inflammation, and balancing trained immunity and immune tolerance. Furthermore, we examined the multifaceted immunoregulatory functions of NOD2 in host defense against mycobacterial infections. Conclusions: We propose that further research is required to clarify the various roles of NOD2 across diverse genetic backgrounds, microenvironmental contexts, and disease paradigms. Such studies will provide critical mechanistic insights to inform the development of precision-based therapeutic strategies targeting NOD2.收起

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